TY - JOUR

T1 - Gel electro-membrane extraction

T2 - An overview on recent strategies for extraction efficiency enhancement

AU - Tabani, Hadi

AU - Dorabadizare, Farzaneh

AU - Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig

N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) under Grant number 95833982 , Research Institute of Applied Sciences (ACECR) and Shahid Beheshti University, Iran . Publisher Copyright: © 2023 Elsevier B.V.

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - In gel electro-membrane extraction (G-EME), target analytes are extracted from a donor phase, across a biopolymer membrane, and into an acceptor phase under the influence of an electrical field. Biopolymer membranes used include agarose, agar, tragacanth, polyacrylamide, and chitosan. G-EME is completely solvent-free (except two-phase G-EME mode), and represents a highly interesting approach to future green analytical chemistry. This method has the potential for extracting polar analytes with poor partition into organic solvents. On the other hand, due to the absence of a water-organic solvent interface, low selectivity and high electro-endosmosis (EEO) are challenges in G-EME. Due to EEO, the volume of donor and acceptor phases tends to change during extraction. To address the latter problems and enhance extraction efficiency, different strategies have been applied, including gel modification, addition of gel additives, and extraction set-up modifications. This article reviews recent efforts in the development of G-EME, with a special focus on efficiency enhancement and EEO.

AB - In gel electro-membrane extraction (G-EME), target analytes are extracted from a donor phase, across a biopolymer membrane, and into an acceptor phase under the influence of an electrical field. Biopolymer membranes used include agarose, agar, tragacanth, polyacrylamide, and chitosan. G-EME is completely solvent-free (except two-phase G-EME mode), and represents a highly interesting approach to future green analytical chemistry. This method has the potential for extracting polar analytes with poor partition into organic solvents. On the other hand, due to the absence of a water-organic solvent interface, low selectivity and high electro-endosmosis (EEO) are challenges in G-EME. Due to EEO, the volume of donor and acceptor phases tends to change during extraction. To address the latter problems and enhance extraction efficiency, different strategies have been applied, including gel modification, addition of gel additives, and extraction set-up modifications. This article reviews recent efforts in the development of G-EME, with a special focus on efficiency enhancement and EEO.

KW - Bio-polymer membrane

KW - Electro-endosmosis flow

KW - Gel electro-membrane extraction

KW - Green analytical chemistry

KW - Microextraction

KW - Sample preparation

U2 - 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116990

DO - 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116990

M3 - Review

AN - SCOPUS:85148537975

VL - 160

JO - Trends in Analytical Chemistry

JF - Trends in Analytical Chemistry

SN - 0165-9936

M1 - 116990

ER -