TY - JOUR

T1 - Agarose-based gel electromembrane extraction using silica nanoparticles coated with polymeric deep eutectic solvent as a membrane additive

AU - Zeraatkar Moghaddam, Ali

AU - Tabani, Hadi

AU - Bameri, Amirehsan

AU - Arabi, Elahe

AU - Alexovič, Michal

AU - Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2024

PY - 2024

Y1 - 2024

N2 - The suggested work brings a novel knowledge of an electric-induced mass transfer occurring during the gel electro-membrane extraction (G-EME) followed by HPLC UV detection. The natural deep eutectic solvent(s) (DESs), such as choline chloride mixed with itaconic acid (mole ratio 1:1) and choline chloride mixed with methacrylic acid (mole ratio 1:1), were used as the green additives in the agarose gel membrane. The impact of DESs was tested for the extraction of codeine, dasatinib, imatinib, morphine, and nilotinib from human plasma and urine samples. The DESs were incorporated into silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) through porous polymerization to form a SiNPs@P(DES), subsequently dispersed in the gel structure. As a result, the agarose membrane was stabilized, extraction efficiency increased, and the EEO flow diminished. In addition, testing of nonporous polymerization versus porous polymerization showed that extraction efficiencies are higher using the latter approach due to the higher surface area of the porous SiNPs@P(DES). The optimal extraction conditions were found to be 3.0 % w/v agarose gel (pH 3.5) containing 0.02 % w/v SiNPs@P(DES), applied voltage at 60 V, extraction time at 10 min, pH of the donor phase at 6.0, and pH of the acceptor phase at 4.0. The obtained extraction recoveries were in the range of 88.1–92.9 %. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were 1.6–14.5 ng mL−1 and 5.3–47.8 ng mL−1, respectively. The intra- and inter-day repeatability (n = 4) were within 3.3 % and 6.4 % RSD, respectively.

AB - The suggested work brings a novel knowledge of an electric-induced mass transfer occurring during the gel electro-membrane extraction (G-EME) followed by HPLC UV detection. The natural deep eutectic solvent(s) (DESs), such as choline chloride mixed with itaconic acid (mole ratio 1:1) and choline chloride mixed with methacrylic acid (mole ratio 1:1), were used as the green additives in the agarose gel membrane. The impact of DESs was tested for the extraction of codeine, dasatinib, imatinib, morphine, and nilotinib from human plasma and urine samples. The DESs were incorporated into silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) through porous polymerization to form a SiNPs@P(DES), subsequently dispersed in the gel structure. As a result, the agarose membrane was stabilized, extraction efficiency increased, and the EEO flow diminished. In addition, testing of nonporous polymerization versus porous polymerization showed that extraction efficiencies are higher using the latter approach due to the higher surface area of the porous SiNPs@P(DES). The optimal extraction conditions were found to be 3.0 % w/v agarose gel (pH 3.5) containing 0.02 % w/v SiNPs@P(DES), applied voltage at 60 V, extraction time at 10 min, pH of the donor phase at 6.0, and pH of the acceptor phase at 4.0. The obtained extraction recoveries were in the range of 88.1–92.9 %. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were 1.6–14.5 ng mL−1 and 5.3–47.8 ng mL−1, respectively. The intra- and inter-day repeatability (n = 4) were within 3.3 % and 6.4 % RSD, respectively.

KW - Biological samples

KW - Drug analysis

KW - Green additive

KW - Modified gel

KW - Sample preparation

KW - Supporting materials

U2 - 10.1016/j.molliq.2024.124615

DO - 10.1016/j.molliq.2024.124615

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85190068720

VL - 401

JO - Journal of Molecular Liquids

JF - Journal of Molecular Liquids

SN - 0167-7322

M1 - 124615

ER -