TY - JOUR

T1 - The electromembrane extraction of pharmaceutical compounds from animal tissues

AU - Bavlovič Piskáčková, Hana

AU - Kollárová-Brázdová, Petra

AU - Kučera, Radim

AU - Macháček, Miloslav

AU - Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig

AU - Štěrbová-Kovaříková, Petra

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Elsevier B.V.

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - The reliable analysis of various compounds from tissue requires a tedious sample preparation. The sample pretreatment usually involves proper homogenization that facilitates extraction of target analytes, followed by an appropriate sample clean-up preventing matrix effects. Electromembrane extraction (EME) seems to have a significant potential to streamline the whole procedure. In this study, the applicability of EME for direct isolation of analytes from animal tissues was investigated for the first time. Extraction conditions were systematically optimized to isolate model analytes (daunorubicin and its metabolite daunorubicinol) from various tissues (myocardium, skeletal muscle and liver) coming from a pharmacokinetic study in rabbits. The relative recoveries of daunorubicin and its metabolite in all tissues, determined by the UHPLC-MS/MS method, were higher than 66 and 75%, respectively. Considerably low matrix effects (0 ± 8% with CV lower than 6%) and negligible content of phospholipids detected in EME extracts demonstrate the exceptional effectiveness of this microextraction approach in purification of tissue samples. The difference in the concentrations of the analytes determined after EME and reference liquid-liquid extraction of real tissue samples was lower than 12%, which further emphasized the trustworthiness of EME. Moreover, the considerable time reduction needed for sample treatment in case of EME must be emphasized. This study proved that EME is a simple, effective and reliable microextraction technique capable of direct extraction of the analytes from pulverized tissues without the need for an additional homogenization or purification step.

AB - The reliable analysis of various compounds from tissue requires a tedious sample preparation. The sample pretreatment usually involves proper homogenization that facilitates extraction of target analytes, followed by an appropriate sample clean-up preventing matrix effects. Electromembrane extraction (EME) seems to have a significant potential to streamline the whole procedure. In this study, the applicability of EME for direct isolation of analytes from animal tissues was investigated for the first time. Extraction conditions were systematically optimized to isolate model analytes (daunorubicin and its metabolite daunorubicinol) from various tissues (myocardium, skeletal muscle and liver) coming from a pharmacokinetic study in rabbits. The relative recoveries of daunorubicin and its metabolite in all tissues, determined by the UHPLC-MS/MS method, were higher than 66 and 75%, respectively. Considerably low matrix effects (0 ± 8% with CV lower than 6%) and negligible content of phospholipids detected in EME extracts demonstrate the exceptional effectiveness of this microextraction approach in purification of tissue samples. The difference in the concentrations of the analytes determined after EME and reference liquid-liquid extraction of real tissue samples was lower than 12%, which further emphasized the trustworthiness of EME. Moreover, the considerable time reduction needed for sample treatment in case of EME must be emphasized. This study proved that EME is a simple, effective and reliable microextraction technique capable of direct extraction of the analytes from pulverized tissues without the need for an additional homogenization or purification step.

KW - Anthracyclines

KW - Electromembrane extraction

KW - Homogenization

KW - Microextraction

KW - Sample treatment

KW - Tissue

U2 - 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338742

DO - 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338742

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 34482886

AN - SCOPUS:85108442470

VL - 1177

JO - Analytica Chimica Acta

JF - Analytica Chimica Acta

SN - 0003-2670

M1 - 338742

ER -