Non-aqueous electrophoresis integrated with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry on a thiol-ene polymer-based microchip device
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Non-aqueous electrophoresis integrated with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry on a thiol-ene polymer-based microchip device. / Lu, Nan; Petersen, Nickolaj J.; Kretschmann, Andreas C.; Kutter, Jorg P.
In: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 413, 2021, p. 4195–4205.Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Non-aqueous electrophoresis integrated with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry on a thiol-ene polymer-based microchip device
AU - Lu, Nan
AU - Petersen, Nickolaj J.
AU - Kretschmann, Andreas C.
AU - Kutter, Jorg P.
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) on microfluidic chips is still a comparatively little explored area, despite the inherent advantages of this technique and its application potential for, in particular, lipophilic compounds. A main reason is probably the fact that implementation of NACE on microchips largely precluded the use of polymeric substrate materials. Here, we report non-aqueous electrophoresis on a thiol-ene-based microfluidic chip coupled to mass spectrometry via an on-chip ESI interface. Microchips with an integrated ESI emitter were fabricated using a double-molding approach. The durability of thiol-ene, when exposed to different organic solvents, was investigated with respect to swelling and decomposition of the polymer. Thiol-ene exhibited good stability against organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, N-methylformamide, and formamide, which allows for a wide range of background electrolyte compositions. The integrated ESI emitter provided a stable spray with RSD% of the ESI signal ≤8%. Separation efficiency of the developed microchip electrophoresis system in different non-aqueous buffer solutions was tested with a mixture of several drugs of abuse. Ethanol- and methanol-based buffers provided comparable high theoretical plate numbers (≈ 6.6 × 104–1.6 × 105 m−1) with ethanol exhibiting the best separation efficiency. Direct coupling of non-aqueous electrophoresis to mass spectrometry allowed for fast analysis of hydrophobic compounds in the range of 0.1–5 μg mL−1 and 0.2–10 μg mL−1 and very good sensitivities (LOD ≈ 0.06–0.28 μg mL−1; LOQ ≈ 0.20–0.90 μg mL−1). The novel combination of non-aqueous CE on a microfluidic thiol-ene device and ESI-MS provides a mass-producible and highly versatile system for the analysis of, in particular, lipophilic compounds in a wide range of organic solvents. This offers promising potential for future applications in forensic, clinical, and environmental analysis.
AB - Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) on microfluidic chips is still a comparatively little explored area, despite the inherent advantages of this technique and its application potential for, in particular, lipophilic compounds. A main reason is probably the fact that implementation of NACE on microchips largely precluded the use of polymeric substrate materials. Here, we report non-aqueous electrophoresis on a thiol-ene-based microfluidic chip coupled to mass spectrometry via an on-chip ESI interface. Microchips with an integrated ESI emitter were fabricated using a double-molding approach. The durability of thiol-ene, when exposed to different organic solvents, was investigated with respect to swelling and decomposition of the polymer. Thiol-ene exhibited good stability against organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, N-methylformamide, and formamide, which allows for a wide range of background electrolyte compositions. The integrated ESI emitter provided a stable spray with RSD% of the ESI signal ≤8%. Separation efficiency of the developed microchip electrophoresis system in different non-aqueous buffer solutions was tested with a mixture of several drugs of abuse. Ethanol- and methanol-based buffers provided comparable high theoretical plate numbers (≈ 6.6 × 104–1.6 × 105 m−1) with ethanol exhibiting the best separation efficiency. Direct coupling of non-aqueous electrophoresis to mass spectrometry allowed for fast analysis of hydrophobic compounds in the range of 0.1–5 μg mL−1 and 0.2–10 μg mL−1 and very good sensitivities (LOD ≈ 0.06–0.28 μg mL−1; LOQ ≈ 0.20–0.90 μg mL−1). The novel combination of non-aqueous CE on a microfluidic thiol-ene device and ESI-MS provides a mass-producible and highly versatile system for the analysis of, in particular, lipophilic compounds in a wide range of organic solvents. This offers promising potential for future applications in forensic, clinical, and environmental analysis.
KW - Non-aqueous electrophoresis
KW - Microfluidics
KW - Thiol-ene polymers
KW - Electrospray interface
KW - CAPILLARY-ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS
KW - PROTEIN IDENTIFICATION
KW - PRIMARY AMINES
KW - SEPARATION
KW - PHASE
KW - INTERFACE
KW - EMITTERS
KW - MODULE
KW - CHIPS
U2 - 10.1007/s00216-021-03374-9
DO - 10.1007/s00216-021-03374-9
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 33954829
VL - 413
SP - 4195
EP - 4205
JO - Analusis
JF - Analusis
SN - 0365-4877
ER -
ID: 263034459